Calambrone beginning of the twentieth century (from Caput Labronis) was a vast swampy, uninhabited area extending north of the border between the city of Pisa and Livorno, marked by the same name Fosso. Since 1925 Calambrone, which was part of the Royal Estate of Bolster, was the subject of an extensive reclamation work. In the following years was accomplished in the draft city Calambrone heliotherapy strongly backed by the Hospital of Livorno and he found the powerful support of Costanzo Ciano, foreign minister of Fascist government. Calambrone, within a few years, became a prestigious center of Cologne and Institute for marine treatment, intended primarily for children. He was born, so, between the beach and the Viale XXVIII October, Viale today the Tyrrhenian Sea, a small town childhood, isolated from the surrounding built fabric and made a self-contained with its own Service Centre with adjoining church, health management, medical, office, laundry, storage, central heating and garage. From the Telegraph of August 4, 1932, "the city of Calambrone rises like Venus from the water, all beautiful, nice and new, and loads of kids live there."
Thalassotherapy and Heliotherapy
Calambrone found to implement the ideas of the Florentine physician Barellai Joseph (1813-84) which advocated thalassotherapies and light therapy as the only forms at that time available for the treatment of rickets, scrofula, tuberculous disease (among the major causes of the very child mortality): His theories had prompted the construction of marine institutes and therapeutic homes and businesses and health resorts along the coasts of Tuscany, intended as recreational areas (vacation), but also of care.
Fascism and the Colonies climatic
These indications of medical staff were so taken by the fascist regime to which the colonies, sea or mountains as they were, took a prominent role in a program of preventive health care is essential for the defense and the healthy development of the breed and the killing of infant mortality in the period 1921-25 was around still around 30%. But the Fascist regime assigning to the Colonies not only a health and therapeutic role, but also physical and spiritual training of new fascism. In fact, the colonies had to be a vehicle of indoctrination and paramilitary training at the younger generation. The capital of this little world that he saw the children in line for two swim in the waves around the clock and live in communities severely Calambrone was organized where thousands of Italian children in the period between the wars, have experienced for the first time the sea.
Some dates:
1925
Start the reclamation of the estate Tombolo
1932
Autonomous Tirrenia, wanted by the hierarchs of Costanzo Ciano Livorno , Minister of Foreign Affairs, Buffarini Guido, Mayor of Pisa, with the task of coordinating the development of the area from Marina di Pisa and the Pit Calambrone (birth of a new resort in Tirrenia, Film Locations Pisorno, Calambrone the creation of a specialized center of Colonie for children). It was dissolved in 1982
1932
heliotherapy Establishment of the Consortium to unify and coordinate the management and exploitation of the area, housed in a One Centre Services
Summer 1932
Cologne Florence
October 1932 opening of the railway-Tirrenia-Pisa-Livorno Marina (the Trammino)
1933
Colonies Principi di Piemonte, Villa Rosa Maltoni Mussolini
1934
Colonia Regina Elena
1934
Service Center
1934
Film Locations Pisorno
1935
Navy Women Cologne Sons Italian Fasci Abroad
1938
Colonia Vittorio Emanuele III
1939
Colonia Marina Costanzo Ciano
Life in Cologne
Guests of the Colonies were mainly children between six and twelve years old and mostly belonged to families in need. The stay usually lasted 15 days. Upon arrival they were given a full set of clothing and were divided into teams according to age and physical development. Life was very hard in Cologne, marked by precise schedules and strict discipline. The teams moved increasingly framed in line for two. The boys were subjected to continued assistance from the stewards and educators, the unswerving faith and fascist formed through specific courses. The day began with the raising ceremony followed by a half hour of exercises and then from breakfast. For the next hour was given a little 'indoctrination to the values \u200b\u200bof the regime. Then we went to the beach for sun bath (one hour under large tents to do relaxation and breathing exercises), then followed the water bath (a half hour). 13 at lunch, followed by a brief rest. Then another indoctrination, followed by a march along the beach, then gymnastics and team games. Supper and to bed at nine in large dormitories. The supply was abundant and was inspired by dietary rules for the proper physical development of children. The two weeks spent in Cologne posed to the young people, a memorable experience of collective life, away from family, and formed a sort of preparation for adult life and dedication to the State.
Architecture:
The Seven Colonies of Calambrone built in the thirties in a political and ideological organic design, are an important episode urban and architectural value. Taken together, inspired by the city of rows, theorized in the Manifesto of the overhead FT Martinetti, A. Mazzoni and M. Somenzi) distribution with a long axis parallel all'arenile and pine forest. Forte is also the influence of the rationalist style in the use of materials especially innovative for its time (glass, concrete, steel). The layout of many colonies are marked by an obvious symbolism (plane pointing towards the sea, the logo of the Organization Maternity and Childhood, the fasces) to witness the function allocated to them for propaganda vehicle of the values \u200b\u200bof fascism.
structural elements:
The Colonies are characterized by grandeur of installation, great ceiling height and breadth of public spaces: kitchen, refectory, dormitories, gymnasiums, classrooms for education, shows the recreation, terraces for sunbathing and outdoor spaces for large gatherings, the flag-raising, sporting activities, marches, gymnastic performances. In some there is the Chapel and / or outside the theater or cinema. E 'frequent verticality in the huge window openings, and especially in the facades, a striking monumentality. Technically, then, is to remember that these applications were actually made feasible by the appearance of the possibilities offered by the availability of new building materials, recently entered into distribution, we refer to steel, glass, and, in particular, reinforced concrete, whose characteristics are essential to the creation of new structural open spaces, to cover large spans, the static solution of the towers, stores water, and piles of shelters, all of which came as a kit constantly proliferating colonies of fascism.
The seven sisters: the Colonies historical Calambrone
The Colonies historical Calambrone represent a social, cultural and architectural historian and of great relevance at the national level.
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